What Animal Lives at the Highest Elevation

What Animal Lives at the Highest Elevation

Organisms capable of living at high altitudes

Organisms can live at high altitude, either on land, in water, or while flight. Decreased oxygen availability and decreased temperature make life at such altitudes challenging, though many species take been successfully adapted via considerable physiological changes. As opposed to curt-term acclimatisation (immediate physiological response to changing environment), loftier-altitude adaptation means irreversible, evolved physiological responses to high-distance environments, associated with heritable behavioural and genetic changes. Amongst animals, only few mammals (such as yaks, ibexes, Tibetan gazelles, vicunas, llamas, mountain goats, etc.) and certain birds are known to have completely adapted to high-distance environments. ^[1]

Homo populations such as some Tibetans, S Americans and Ethiopians live in the otherwise uninhabitable loftier mountains of the Himalayas, Andes and Ethiopian Highlands respectively. The adaptation of humans to high distance is an instance of natural selection in action. ^[2]

High-distance adaptations provide examples of convergent evolution, with adaptations occurring simultaneously on three continents. Tibetan humans and Tibetan domestic dogs share a genetic mutation in EPAS1 , but information technology has not been seen in Andean humans. ^[3]

Invertebrates [ edit ]

Tardigrades live over the entire world, including the high Himalayas. ^[4] Tardigrades are too able to survive temperatures of close to absolute zilch (−273 °C (−459 °F)), ^[5] temperatures every bit high every bit 151 °C (304 °F), radiation that would kill other animals, ^{[half dozen]} and almost a decade without water. ^[7] Since 2007, tardigrades have also returned alive from studies in which they have been exposed to the vacuum of outer infinite in low Earth orbit. ^{[8] [9]}

Other invertebrates with loftier-altitude habitats are Euophrys omnisuperstes , a spider that lives in the Himalaya range at altitudes of up to 6,700 m (22,000 ft); ^[x] it feeds on devious insects that are blown up the mountain by the wind. ^[11] The springtail Hypogastrura nivicola (one of several insects chosen snow fleas) also lives in the Himalayas. It is active in the dead of winter, its blood containing a compound similar to antifreeze. Some let themselves to become dehydrated instead, preventing the formation of water ice crystals inside their body. ^[12]

Insects can fly and kite at very high distance. Flies are mutual in the Himalaya up to 6,300 thousand (20,700 ft). ^[13] Bumble bees were discovered on Mount Everest at more than 5,600 1000 (eighteen,400 ft) above sea level. ^[14] In subsequent tests, bumblebees were all the same able to fly in a flight chamber which recreated the thinner air of 9,000 thou (30,000 ft). ^[15]

Ballooning is a term used for the mechanical kiting ^{[16] [17]} that many spiders, especially small species such as Erigone atra , ^[eighteen] too as certain mites and some caterpillars use to disperse through the air. Some spiders accept been detected in atmospheric information balloons collecting air samples at slightly less than 5 km (16000 ft) in a higher place sea level. ^[nineteen] It is the almost mutual way for spiders to pioneer isolated islands and mountaintops. ^{[20] [21]}

Fish [ edit ]

Fish at loftier altitudes have a lower metabolic charge per unit, as has been shown in highland westslope cutthroat trout when compared to introduced lowland rainbow trout in the Oldman River basin. ^[22] In that location is also a general trend of smaller body sizes and lower species richness at loftier altitudes observed in aquatic invertebrates, likely due to lower oxygen fractional pressures. ^{[23] [24] [25]} These factors may subtract productivity in high distance habitats, meaning at that place will be less energy bachelor for consumption, growth, and activity, which provides an advantage to fish with lower metabolic demands. ^[22]

The naked carp from Lake Qinghai, like other members of the carp family, can use gill remodelling to increment oxygen uptake in hypoxic environments. ^[26] The response of naked carp to cold and low-oxygen weather seem to be at least partly mediated by hypoxia-inducible cistron 1 (HIF-ane). ^[27] Information technology is unclear whether this is a common feature in other high distance dwelling house fish or if gill remodelling and HIF-1 utilize for cold adaptation are limited to bother.

Mammals [ edit ]

Mammals are also known to reside at loftier altitude and showroom a striking number of adaptations in terms of morphology, physiology and behaviour. The Tibetan Plateau has very few mammalian species, ranging from wolf, kiang (Tibetan wild ass), goas, chiru (Tibetan antelope), wild yak, snow leopard, Tibetan sand fox, ibex, gazelle, Himalayan dark-brown carry and water buffalo. ^{[29] [thirty] [31]} These mammals tin be broadly categorised based on their adjustability in high distance into two broad groups, namely eurybarc and stenobarc. Those that can survive a wide range of loftier-distance regions are eurybarc and include yak, ibex, Tibetan gazelle of the Himalayas and vicuñas llamas of the Andes. Stenobarc animals are those with bottom power to endure a range of differences in altitude, such equally rabbits, mountain goats, sheep, and cats. Among domesticated animals, yaks are perchance the highest dwelling animals. The wild herbivores of the Himalayas such equally the Himalayan tahr, markhor and chamois are of particular interest considering of their ecological versatility and tolerance. ^[32]

Rodents [ edit ]

A number of rodents alive at high altitude, including deer mice, guinea pigs, and rats. Several mechanisms assist them survive these harsh weather, including altered genetics of the hemoglobin gene in guinea pigs and deer mice. ^{[33] [34]} Deer mice use a high percentage of fats as metabolic fuel to retain carbohydrates for minor bursts of energy. ^[35]

Other physiological changes that occur in rodents at high altitude include increased animate rate ^[36] and altered morphology of the lungs and eye, allowing more efficient gas commutation and delivery. Lungs of high-altitude mice are larger, with more capillaries, ^[37] and their hearts have a heavier right ventricle (the latter applies to rats too), ^{[38] [39]} which pumps blood to the lungs.

At high altitudes, some rodents even shift their thermal neutral zone so they may maintain normal basal metabolic rate at colder temperatures. ^[twoscore]

The deer mouse ( Peromyscus maniculatus ) is the best studied species, other than humans, in terms of high-altitude accommodation. ^[1] The deer mice native to Andes highlands (up to 3,000 m (ix,800 ft)) are constitute to take relatively low hemoglobin content. ^[41] Measurement of food intake, gut mass, and cardiopulmonary organ mass indicated proportional increases in mice living at high altitudes, which in plough show that life at loftier altitudes demands college levels of energy. ^[42] Variations in the globin genes (α and β-globin) seem to exist the basis for increased oxygen-affinity of the hemoglobin and faster transport of oxygen. ^{[43] [44]} Structural comparisons show that in contrast to normal hemoglobin, the deer mouse hemoglobin lacks the hydrogen bond betwixt α1Trp14 in the A helix and α1Thr67 in the E helix owing to the Thr67Ala substitution, and at that place is a unique hydrogen bond at the α1β1 interface between residues α1Cys34 and β1Ser128. ^[45] The Peruvian native species of mice ( Phyllotis andium and Phyllotis xanthopygus ) have adjusted to the high Andes by using proportionately more than carbohydrates and take college oxidative capacities of cardiac muscles compared to closely related native species residing at depression-altitudes (100–300 1000 (330–980 ft)), ( Phyllotis amicus and Phyllotis limatus ). This shows that highland mice have evolved a metabolic process to economise oxygen usage for physical activities in the hypoxic atmospheric condition. ^[46]

Yaks [ edit ]

Master article: Yak

Among domesticated animals, yaks ( Bos grunniens ) are the highest habitation animals of the earth, living at three,000–5,000 one thousand (9,800–16,400 ft). The yak is the almost important domesticated animal for Tibet highlanders in Qinghai Province of Cathay, every bit the primary source of milk, meat and fertilizer. Unlike other yak or cattle species, which suffer from hypoxia in the Tibetan Plateau, the Tibetan domestic yaks thrive only at loftier altitude, and not in lowlands. Their physiology is well-adjusted to high altitudes, with proportionately larger lungs and eye than other cattle, as well as greater chapters for transporting oxygen through their blood. ^[47] In yaks, hypoxia-inducible factor ane (HIF-one) has high expression in the brain, lung and kidney, showing that it plays an important role in the adaptation to low oxygen environment. ^[48] On 1 July 2012 the complete genomic sequence and analyses of a female domestic yak was appear, providing important insights into understanding mammalian divergence and adaptation at high altitude. Singled-out factor expansions related to sensory perception and energy metabolism were identified. ^[49] In addition, researchers also institute an enrichment of protein domains related to the extracellular surroundings and hypoxic stress that had undergone positive selection and rapid evolution. For example, they found three genes that may play important roles in regulating the bodyʼs response to hypoxia, and five genes that were related to the optimisation of the energy from the nutrient scarcity in the farthermost plateau. One factor known to be involved in regulating response to depression oxygen levels, ADAM17, is also institute in human Tibetan highlanders. ^{[50] [51]}

Humans [ edit ]

Over 81 million people live permanently at high altitudes (>2,500 thou (8,200 ft)) ^[52] in North, Key and South America, Due east Africa, and Asia, and take flourished for millennia in the uncommonly high mountains, without any apparent complications. ^[53] For average human populations, a brief stay at these places tin risk mountain sickness. ^[54] For the native highlanders, there are no adverse effects to staying at high altitude.

The physiological and genetic adaptations in native highlanders involve modification in the oxygen transport organization of the claret, especially molecular changes in the construction and functions of hemoglobin, a protein for carrying oxygen in the body. ^{[53] [55]} This is to compensate for the low oxygen environment. This adaptation is associated with developmental patterns such as high nascency weight, increased lung volumes, increased breathing, and higher resting metabolism. ^{[56] [57]}

The genome of Tibetans provided the commencement inkling to the molecular development of high-distance adaptation in 2010. ^[58] Genes such as EPAS1 , PPARA and EGLN1 are constitute to take significant molecular changes among the Tibetans, and the genes are involved in hemoglobin production. ^[59] These genes office in concert with transcription factors, hypoxia inducible factors (HIF), which in plow are fundamental mediators of red blood cell production in response to oxygen metabolism. ^[60] Further, the Tibetans are enriched for genes in the disease class of human reproduction (such as genes from the DAZ , BPY2 , CDY , and HLA-DQ and HLA-DR factor clusters) and biological procedure categories of response to Deoxyribonucleic acid impairment stimulus and DNA repair (such as RAD51 , RAD52 , and MRE11A ), which are related to the adaptive traits of high infant nascency weight and darker pare tone and, are most likely due to recent local adaptation. ^[61]

Among the Andeans, there are no significant associations betwixt EPAS1 or EGLN1 and hemoglobin concentration, indicating variation in the blueprint of molecular adaptation. ^[62] However, EGLN1 appears to exist the main signature of evolution, every bit it shows evidence of positive selection in both Tibetans and Andeans. ^[63] The adaptive mechanism is different among the Ethiopian highlanders. Genomic analysis of 2 ethnic groups, Amhara and Oromo, revealed that gene variations associated with hemoglobin differences among Tibetans or other variants at the same gene location do non influence the adaptation in Ethiopians. ^[64] Instead, several other genes appear to be involved in Ethiopians, including CBARA1 , VAV3 , ARNT2 and THRB , which are known to play a role in HIF genetic functions. ^[65]

The EPAS1 mutation in the Tibetan population has been linked to Denisovan-related populations. ^[66] The Tibetan haplotype is more similar to the Denisovan haplotype than any modern human haplotype. This mutation is seen at a loftier frequency in the Tibetan population, a low frequency in the Han population and is otherwise just seen in a sequenced Denisovan individual. This mutation must have been present before the Han and Tibetan populations diverged 2750 years ago. ^[66]

Birds [ edit ]

Birds have been especially successful at living at high altitudes. ^[67] In general, birds have physiological features that are advantageous for high-distance flight. The respiratory system of birds moves oxygen across the pulmonary surface during both inhalation and exhalation, making it more than efficient than that of mammals. ^[68] In improver, the air circulates in one direction through the parabronchioles in the lungs. Parabronchioles are oriented perpendicularly to the pulmonary arteries, forming a cross-current gas exchanger. This system allows for more than oxygen to be extracted compared to mammalian concurrent gas exchange; as oxygen diffuses down its concentration gradient and the air gradually becomes more deoxygenated, the pulmonary arteries are still able to extract oxygen. ^{[69] [ page needed ]} Birds as well have a high capacity for oxygen delivery to the tissues considering they have larger hearts and cardiac stroke book compared to mammals of similar body size. ^[70] Additionally, they have increased vascularization in their flight muscle due to increased branching of the capillaries and pocket-sized muscle fibres (which increases surface-area-to-book ratio). ^[71] These ii features facilitate oxygen diffusion from the claret to musculus, allowing flight to be sustained during environmental hypoxia. Birds' hearts and brains, which are very sensitive to arterial hypoxia, are more than vascularized compared to those of mammals. ^[72] The bar-headed goose (Anser indicus) is an iconic high-flyer that surmounts the Himalayas during migration, ^[73] and serves as a model organization for derived physiological adaptations for high-altitude flight. Rüppell's vultures, whooper swans, tall chough, and mutual cranes all take flown more than 8 km (26,000 ft) above sea level.

Adaptation to loftier altitude has fascinated ornithologists for decades, simply merely a small proportion of loftier-altitude species take been studied. In Tibet, few birds are found (28 endemic species), including cranes, vultures, hawks, jays and geese. ^{[29] [31] [74]} The Andes is quite rich in bird variety. The Andean condor, the largest bird of its kind in the Western Hemisphere, occurs throughout much of the Andes but more often than not in very low densities; species of tinamous (notably members of the genus Nothoprocta ), Andean goose, giant coot, Andean flicker, diademed sandpiper-plover, miners, sierra-finches and diuca-finches are also found in the highlands. ^{[75] [76]}

Cinnamon teal [ edit ]

Evidence for accommodation is all-time investigated amid the Andean birds. The water fowls and cinnamon teal ( Anas cyanoptera ) are plant to accept undergone significant molecular modifications. It is at present known that the α-hemoglobin subunit factor is highly structured betwixt elevations amid cinnamon teal populations, which involves about entirely a single non-synonymous amino acid substitution at position 9 of the protein, with asparagine present almost exclusively within the low-summit species, and serine in the high-elevation species. This implies important functional consequences for oxygen affinity. ^[77] In addition, there is strong divergence in body size in the Andes and adjacent lowlands. These changes accept shaped distinct morphological and genetic divergence within South American cinnamon teal populations. ^[78]

Basis tits [ edit ]

In 2013, the molecular mechanism of high-altitude adaptation was elucidated in the Tibetan footing tit ( Pseudopodoces humilis ) using a draft genome sequence. Gene family unit expansion and positively selected gene analysis revealed genes that were related to cardiac function in the ground tit. Some of the genes identified to have positive selection include ADRBK1 and HSD17B7 , which are involved in the adrenaline response and steroid hormone biosynthesis. Thus, the strengthened hormonal system is an adaptation strategy of this bird. ^[79]

Other animals [ edit ]

Alpine Tibet hosts a limited diversity of fauna species, amidst which snakes are common. A notable species is the Himalayan jumping spider, which can live at over 6,500 g (21,300 ft) of elevation. ^[29] There are only 2 endemic reptiles and ten owned amphibians in the Tibetan highlands. ^[74] Gloydius himalayanus is perhaps the geographically highest living snake in the globe, living at as high as 4,900 1000 (16,100 ft) in the Himalayas. ^[80]

Plants [ edit ]

Many different plant species alive in the high-altitude surround. These include perennial grasses, sedges, forbs, cushion plants, mosses, and lichens. ^[81] High-altitude plants must adapt to the harsh weather of their environment, which include low temperatures, dryness, ultraviolet radiation, and a short growing flavour. Trees cannot abound at loftier altitude, because of cold temperature or lack of available moisture. ^{[82] : 51} The lack of trees causes an ecotone, or purlieus, that is obvious to observers. This boundary is known every bit the tree line.

The highest-distance plant species is a moss that grows at six,480 k (21,260 ft) on Mountain Everest. ^[83] The sandwort Arenaria bryophylla is the highest flowering plant in the world, occurring as high equally half-dozen,180 m (twenty,280 ft). ^[84]

Meet too [ edit ]

• Aeroplankton
• Alpine plant
• Altitude
• Altitude sickness
• Animals in space
• Ethiopian Highlands
• Beast of the Andes
• Health threat from catholic rays
• Human spaceflight
• Plants in space
• Skylab Medical Experiment Altitude Test
• Tibetan Plateau

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What Animal Lives at the Highest Elevation

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisms_at_high_altitude